Halal Research Center of Islamic Republic of Iran. Tel.: +98-21-88909033 Fax: +98-21-88890858 Email: jhhhm@halal.ac.ir IR.MCIG No. 85915 Human, Health and Halal Metrics 2717-1027 4 2 2023 12 01 Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of leaf and stem bark extracts of Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) 18 24 184061 10.30502/jhhhm.2023.422058.1076 EN Aondover James Ishwa Department of Microbiology, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. Une Elizabeth Amuta Department of Zoology, College of Biological Sciences, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. Terwase Fabian Ikpa Department of Zoology, College of Biological Sciences, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. Journal Article 2023 10 24 Background and objective: Resistance of microorganisms to chemical agents is a challenge in the treatment of various infections. Therefore, there is a need to find new substances with efficient antimicrobial potential. The aim of this study was to determine phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Citrus sinensis extract obtained from its leaf and bark. Materials and methods: Leaves and stem barks of Citrus sinensis were collected from University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. Bacterial isolates of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus were prepared in the microbiology laboratory. The leaves and stem barks were extracted with ethanol and water using maceration technique. Agar well diffusion method was used to determine antibacterial activity of the extracts. Broth dilution method was used to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts. Minimum bactericidal concentration test was done by culturing the MIC positive broth on nutrient agar plates. Steroids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and glycosides were determined according to standard methods in the laboratory. Results and conclusion: Phytochemical screening showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, and glycosides. Ethanolic leaf extract had the highest antibacterial activity against S. typhi with inhibition diameter of 25 mm, followed by 20 mm for E. coli and 12 mm for S. aureus. In comparison, ethanolic stem bark extract showed the highest inhibition against E. coli with diameter inhibition of 25 mm, while diameter inhibition of 22 mm and 20 mm were determined for S. aureus and S. typhi, respectively. Aqueous extract of leaf showed inhibition zone of 16 mm for S. typhi, and 10 mm for E. coli and S. aureus. Inhibition zone of 16, 11, and 10 mm was observed for S. typhi, E. coli, and S. aureus respectively, after treatment by aqueous extract of stem bark. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of both extracts were in the range of 6.25-50.00 mg/ml. This study revealed that the leaf and stem bark of Citrus sinensis contain several bioactive compounds with antibacterial potential (i.e., steroids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and glycosides) which can be used for treatment of microbial infections.

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